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The Legal Frontier Of AI: From Deepfakes To Digital Accountability




Ayantika Pal, CLATapult, CLAT Coaching, Kolkata

Atri Karmakar, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan National Institutes of Law


ABSTRACT


Across various sectors, including education, medicine, entertainment, and legislation, the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies has surged in recent years. Generative models like ChatGPT and Gemini have revolutionized information access, operational efficiency, and productivity, enabling individuals and institutions to operate with enhanced speed, intelligence, and efficacy. However, this rapid technological advancement also introduces critical legal and ethical challenges. AI is increasingly being misused for illicit activities such as the creation of deepfake videos and audios, celebrity impersonation in deceptive advertising, automated plagiarism, and the spread of misinformation and propaganda. These practices not only violate intellectual property rights and individual privacy but also pose a serious threat to democratic processes. This article critically examines how current legal frameworks in India address these emerging challenges. It evaluates the applicability, liability and effectiveness of key statutes such as The Information Technology Act, 2000, The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 and Intellectual Property Rights Laws in combating crimes associated with AI-generated content. By drawing on Indian legal frameworks, comparative international models, and landmark judicial decisions, this article identifies existing ethical challenges, legal gaps, and proposes comprehensive recommendations for responsible and ethical AI governance. When lawmakers, courts, companies, and citizens work together, India can encourage innovation without sacrificing privacy, fairness, or trust. AI shouldn’t be left to run unchecked, accountability must be built in from the start.


Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes, Data Protection, Privacy, Technologies.



Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research

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Abbreviation: IJLLR

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ISSN: 2582-8878

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Website: www.ijllr.com

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Accessibility: Open Access

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License: Creative Commons 4.0

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Licensing: ​

 

All research articles published in The Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Disclaimer:

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the IJLLR or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IJLLR.

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