Role Of Forensic Science In Criminal Investigation
- IJLLR Journal
- Aug 7
- 2 min read
A. Karunakaran, LL.M., Govt. Law College, Thrissur, Kerala
ABSTRACT
Forensic science has emerged as an indispensable component of the modern criminal justice system by integrating scientific methods into criminal investigation and adjudication. It has transformed the investigative process from one predominantly dependent on confessions and eyewitness testimony to one founded on objective, reliable, and scientifically verifiable evidence. This paper examines the evolving role of forensic science in criminal investigation, with particular emphasis on its contribution to evidence collection, identification of offenders and victims, crime scene reconstruction, corroboration of prosecution evidence, prevention of wrongful convictions, and protection of fair trial rights. It analyses important forensic techniques such as fingerprinting, DNA profiling, cyber forensics, forensic odontology, voice print analysis, photographic superimposition, and scientific interrogation methods including narco-analysis, polygraph examination, and brain mapping.
The paper further explores the constitutional and evidentiary dimensions governing forensic evidence in India by examining significant judicial pronouncements, including Selvi v. State of Karnataka, Mukesh v. State (NCT of Delhi), Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh, and other recent decisions. It also discusses the impact of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, in recognising scientific and electronic evidence while preserving judicial scrutiny over expert testimony. The study highlights that although forensic science significantly enhances the accuracy, transparency, and credibility of criminal investigations, its effectiveness depends upon proper collection, preservation, chain of custody, expert competence, and adherence to constitutional safeguards.
The paper concludes that forensic science is not merely an investigative aid but a vital instrument for ensuring both effective law enforcement and the protection of individual rights. However, persistent challenges such as inadequate forensic infrastructure, shortage of trained experts, delays in laboratory analysis, and concerns regarding standardisation and institutional independence continue to impede its full potential. Strengthening forensic capacity through legal reforms, technological advancement, specialised training, and independent forensic institutions is essential for ensuring fair, efficient, and evidence-based criminal justice in India.
