Akshith Sainarayan, School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the relationship between intelligence, temperament, and criminal behavior. The author defines intelligence as the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. The paper addresses methodological issues that may underestimate the association between IQ and crime. Early psychological theories of criminal behaviour focused on individual distinctions rather than environmental variables. The study argues that intelligence and temperament play a significant role in contributing to criminal behaviour, all of which are tangentially supported by a multitude of factors. For instance, environmental factors, such as improved nutrition and care have contributed to the rise in IQ over generations, as demonstrated by the Flynn effect. Temperament, identified in early childhood, represents an individual's habitual mode of responding to stimuli. The environment influences temperament, and intellectually inclined parents reward and encourage children interested in learning. The Flynn effect reflects an increase in average IQ scores over generations due to environmental factors. IQ tests have shown no evidence of bias against any racial/ethnic group or lower socioeconomic individuals. Intelligence involves the ability to select, analyze, synthesize, and arrange elements to solve problems. The paper further discusses the relationship between modern psychology and intelligence, derived from the Latin word "intelligo," meaning "to choose among." The interaction between innate ability and a favourable environment amplifies small genetic advantages over time. Individuals lacking genetic impulsion towards intellectual pursuits may experience environments that hinder their capabilities. The paper also explores the role of temperament in socialization and personality differences. Genetic predispositions in the functioning of the nervous system contribute to temperament differences. Finally, this doctrinal research outlines the need to consider the magnitude of IQ differences between offenders and non-offenders. Combining these groups obscures the significance of IQ differences, thus necessitating the perspective that low IQ may be one of many risk factors for criminal behavior, rather than a sole cause.
