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API Accountability In India’s Health Data Interoperability Ecosystem: A Doctrinal Legal Analysis Of The ABDM Framework
Manika Sharma, NLU Jodhpur ABSTRACT The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (‘ABDM’) by India has created an ecosystem involving hospitals, laboratories, insurance providers, and third- party apps using the health data exchange protocol based on Application Programming Interface (‘API’) and the Fast Healthcare Interoperable Resources (FHIR) standards. However, even though there is a robust mechanism to facilitate the interoperability of health data, the legal rules governing the
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Human Trafficking In India: A Critical Analysis Of Legal Frameworks, Enforcement Challenges, And Policy Reforms
Trivedi Harnil Udayanbhai, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Law, Monark University Dr. Jagdish Siddhpara, Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Monark University ABSTRACT Human trafficking in India is a significant violation of constitutional rights and international human rights norms, fueled by deep-seated socio-economic inequalities, caste discrimination, gender oppression, and systemic inefficiencies. Notwithstanding a comprehensive legal framework that includes th
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Regulating For Growth: From Regulatory Compliance To Regulatory Capital, A Socio- Legal Theory Of Principle-Based Financial Regulation And Developmental Outcomes In India
Vipul V. Tamhane, B.Sc., MBA, LLM, Visiting Faculty, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India; School of Law, Northumbria University, United Kingdom; Founder, Diplomacy Direct.ORCiD: 0009-0003-5687-8058 ABSTRACT Financial-regulation scholarship has long treated compliance as a private cost, a deadweight burden that efficient regulation should minimise. This article inverts that assumption. It argues that in emerging economies financ
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Refugee Protection In India: Building A National Refugee Law With Lessons From South Africa
Dr. Neelam Dighe* & Mr. Somesh Akolkar** ABSTRACT India today hosts one of the largest and most heterogeneous refugee populations in the world, yet it remains without a dedicated national statute governing the recognition, treatment, or protection of refugees. India is not a party to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, and refugees on Indian soil continue to be governed by the colonial- era Foreigners Act, 1946, alongside an assortment
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Constitutional And Legal Issues Arising From The Participation Of The Hon'ble Speaker Of The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly At The March For Life 2026
Don Siyon, B.A. LL.B., Christ Academy Institute of Law, Bengaluru, Karnataka State Law University ABSTRACT This article seeks to discuss the constitutional and legal issues that were raised upon the Honourable Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly’s participation at the March for Life 2026. The controversy stems from the Speaker’s remarks on the sanctity of unborn lives, the right to free conscience, freedom from speech and expression, secularism, the mother’s right
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Has RERA, 2016 Effectively Protected Homebuyers Against Builder Malpractices, Or Has Weak Enforcement Diluted Its Impact?
Shruti Mungikar, Government Law College, Mumbai I. Introduction The urgent need to reform India's real estate industry, a major economic engine that had long required regulation, gave rise to the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA). For far too long, the industry lacked a single set of rules that it could adhere to, which allowed for enduring problems like ongoing project delays, dishonest marketing, and general lack of accountability. After investing th
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Divisibility Of Composite Contracts In India In Regard To Tax Laws
Suryadeep Mohan, Advocate, District and Sessions Court, Meerut ABSTRACT The question of the divisibility of contracts entered into between various parties holds significant importance for revenue authorities, particularly given that contract clauses are often drafted to minimize tax liabilities. Nevertheless, the legal interpretation of taxing statutes has remained strictly textual, as tax laws require clear language regarding both the charging category and the machinery for
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Corporate Governance In A Globalised Economy: A Comparative Analysis
Janhavi Vinod Shrungare & Aaryan Naresh Parekh ABSTRACT In an increasingly globalised economy, corporate governance has become a crucial tool for guaranteeing accountability, transparency, moral behaviour, and long-term business success. The nature of corporate governance has changed dramatically as a result of the expansion of multinational firms, cross-border investments, international capital markets, and digital business activities. This has led to the requirement for fle
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Cyber Crime Against Women In India: The Gap Between Legal Protection And Effective Enforcement
M. Vanitha, B.Com (CA), LL.B., S. Thangapazham Law College, Vasudevanallur, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu. K. Rajesh Kumar, B.Com. ML., (Ph.D), Faculty of Law, S. Thangapazham Law College, Vasudevanallur, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu. 1. ABSTRACT Cybercrime against women has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges in India’s digital era. The rapid growth of internet usage, social media platforms, and digital communication has significantly increased opportunities for cyber offenders to tar
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Cybercrimes In India: Legal Framework
Noor ul Ainain Nazir. Research Scholar, Department of Law, University of Kashmir, Srinagar ABSTRACT Abstract Cybercrime in India has expanded rapidly with the widespread use of digital services, mobile payments, e-commerce, and social media. Cybercrimes in India have grown substantially in both scale and complexity as digital services, online communication, and electronic payments have become embedded in daily life. Cyber frauds refer to deceptive activities carried out throu
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Is SEBI Acting Ultra Vires In The Freezing Of Demat Accounts?
Darisa Venkata Gayathri, Vellore Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh ABSTRACT The Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI"), entrusted with the mandate of protecting investors and regulating the securities market, has increasingly resorted to freezing demat accounts as a regulatory enforcement tool. This paper argues that such exercise of power is fundamentally ultra vires, exceeding the boundaries of authority conferred upon SEBI by its parent legislation and viola
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Confidentiality Agreements As A Compliance Tool: NDAs, UPSI Disclosure, And Due Diligence In Indian M&A
Arushi Mishra, BA LL.B., School of Law, Kalinga University, Chhattisgarh ABSTRACT Mergers and acquisitions involving publicly listed entities in India require dealmakers to carefully balance the business need for due diligence with strict securities regulations. To accurately price a target company, potential buyers need access to highly sensitive, non-public data, much of which qualifies as Unpublished Price-Sensitive Information (UPSI) under the SEBI (Prohibition of Insider
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
From Proprietary Code To Public Accountability: Rethinking Vendor Power In India’s Algorithmic Welfare State
Ch V Sai Bhavya, Amity Law School, Noida, AUUP Jaiverdhan Singh, Amity Law School, Noida, AUUP ABSTRACT Private technology vendors using Aadhaar-linked digital welfare systems to automate India’s rapid transition, are shifting the decision-making power from the public bureaucracies. These proprietary systems are implemented to boost efficiency, but have created opaque “black box” which leads to systematic exclusions through biometric & algorithmic errors, violating fundamenta
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Subjugation To Empowerment: A Legal Trajectory Of Women's Safety And Justice In India
Piyusha Pradhan, Advocate, Odisha, India Simran Sahoo, Ph.D. Scholar, KIIT School of Law ABSTRACT This paper explores the continued status of women in India within the context of the overall cultural climate that reveres women, including the worship of goddesses as well as the national icon Bharat Mata, but at the same time considers the long-term trends of oppression and subordination of women. In particular, the paper analyses the development of the position of women from b
IJLLR Journal
Aug 202 min read
Navigating Juvenile Delinquency In India: Causation And Structured Prevention Programs
Shahid Ahmad Syed Bukhari, Research Scholar (LLM), School of Law, University of Kashmir. Rabia Rashid, Research Scholar (LLM), School of Law, University of Kashmir. ABSTRACT Juvenile delinquency has emerged as one of the most serious social and legal challenges in India, affecting not only young offenders but also their families, victims and society at large. Criminal behaviour among juveniles creates deep-rooted psychological, social and economic consequences. While victims
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
The Disintegration Of The Idea-Expression Dichotomy In The Age Of Generative AI: An Indian Perspective
Manvi Khanduri, Delhi Metropolitan Education, affiliated to GGSIPU Kerryn Pahuja, Delhi Metropolitan Education, affiliated to GGSIPU ABSTRACT Traditional copyright regimes are facing significant problems as creativity is being transformed by the emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI). This disruption is centred on the idea-expression dichotomy, which separates abstract concepts that cannot be protected from expressions that can. AI’s capacity to identify pattern
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
Human Rights And Drug Consumption In India: Rethinking The NDPS Act Through Article 21
Mahmood Ahmad, Research Scholar, Department of Law, C.M.P Degree College, Prayagraj, University of Allahabad Tooba Tarique, LL.M., Shibli National College, Azamgarh, Maharaja Shuheldev University Azamgarh ABSTRACT Drug consumption presents one of the most complex challenges at the intersection of criminal law, public health, and human rights. In India, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act) adopts a stringent legal framework aimed at curbing illic
IJLLR Journal
Aug 201 min read
The Architecture Of Distress: Reconceptualising Student Mental Health In Indian Legal Education As A Constitutional Imperative
Kanishk Dohare, National Law Institute University, Bhopal Chirag Saxena, National Law Institute University, Bhopal ABSTRACT The mental well-being of students in Indian higher education has historically been relegated to the periphery of institutional policy, framed as a matter of administrative discretion rather than a legally enforceable constitutional right. Within the specific context of legal education, this regulatory ambivalence has fostered an environment where academi
IJLLR Journal
Aug 192 min read
Beyond The Scoreboard: Protecting Generic Vs. Sports AI-Generated Data Under Indian IP Law
Neilotpla Palak & Akshat Pugalia, LL.B. (Hons.), National Law University Odisha ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence now plays a growing role in generating and processing sports data, from real-time analytics to predictive modelling and biomechanical tracking. Indian intellectual property law was framed around human authorship and remains ill-equipped to address content created or compiled by non-human agents. This article examines Indian copyright law as they apply to AI-generat
IJLLR Journal
Aug 191 min read
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: A Paradigm Shift In Indian Criminal Jurisprudence Or A Mere Rebranding?
Arman Nasir, B.A. LL.B. (Hons.), Aligarh Muslim University ABSTRACT The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), which officially commenced on July 1, 2024, marked the formal retirement of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC), a colonial-era statute that dictated India’s substantive criminal law for over 160 years. Framed by the Indian Parliament as a monumental step toward the decolonization of the criminal justice system, the BNS introduces new offenses, reclassif
IJLLR Journal
Aug 191 min read
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